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Within a composite building’s primary structural elements.Īt the heart of the holiest Islamic city, Makkah Royal Clock Tower brings an air of modernization to the bustling historic center of Mecca.

Where known, the CTBUH database breaks out the materials used Examples include buildings which utilize: steel columns with a floor system of reinforcedĬoncrete beams a steel frame system with a concrete core concrete-encased steel columns Ĭoncrete-filled steel tubes etc. steel, concrete, timber) are used together in the main structuralĮlements. ForĮxample, a Steel Over Concrete indicates an all-steel structural system located on top of anĪll-concrete structural system, with the opposite true of Concrete Over Steel.Ī combination of materials (e.g. all-steel, all-concrete, all-timber), one on top of the other. Or concrete slab on top of timber beams is still considered an “all-timber” structure as theĬoncrete elements are not acting as the primary structure.

Note that a building of timber construction with a floor system of concrete planks An all-timber structure may include the use of localized non-timber connections between Reinforced concrete which has been precast as individual components and assembled togetherįrom timber. Note that a building of steel construction with a floor system of concrete planks orĬoncrete slab on top of steel beams is still considered an “all-steel” structure as the concreteĮlements are not acting as the primary structure.įrom concrete which has been cast in place and utilizes steel reinforcement bars and/or steel Both the main vertical/lateral structural elements and the floor spanning systems are constructedįrom steel.

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